howclose.to
NUCLEAR FUSION

The problemsEnergyNuclear Fusion

Updated · July 2026

How close are we to fusion power?Can we bottle a star?

Can we bottle a star?How close are we to fusion power?

Fusion has crossed scientific breakeven, but an economical power plant still requires a much harder engineering breakeven.We have made a tiny star flash in a laboratory; now we have to turn that flash into a dependable power station.

Current stageEngineeringEngineering a system that works outside the labBuilding a system that works outside the lab
Read the evidence Where we stand
The path so far

Recorded milestones

  1. First tokamak

  2. NIF ignition

Open tests · conceptual branches

TODAY
  1. OPEN TEST02 ↗
    Make the whole power station pay back its energyEngineering breakevenThe reactor, magnets, cooling and turbines all have to produce more power than they use.Q_eng > 1 · more electricity out than the full plant consumes
  2. OPEN TEST03 ↗
    Make fusion cheap enough for the gridGrid economicsA working reactor only matters at scale if its electricity can compete with other clean power.LCOE < $60/MWh · competitive delivered electricity
TODAY
OPEN TEST02 ↗
Make the whole power station pay back its energyEngineering breakevenThe reactor, magnets, cooling and turbines all have to produce more power than they use.Q_eng > 1 · more electricity out than the full plant consumes
OPEN TEST03 ↗
Make fusion cheap enough for the gridGrid economicsA working reactor only matters at scale if its electricity can compete with other clean power.LCOE < $60/MWh · competitive delivered electricity
Milestones are in recorded order. Open tests are separate questions, not a forecast.Milestones are in date order. Open tests are separate tests, not a promise.
Nuclear FusionWhere we stand

The path shows NIF ignition. Open thresholds are separate tests in a conceptual map, not a forecast. No single percentage represents progress.

01 · Where we standWhere we stand

Where we standWhere we stand

The current stage, the evidence recorded, and the single threshold that gates the next stage.The stage reached, the evidence recorded, and the one test still blocking the next step.

What the evidence has shownWhat the evidence has shown

We have made a tiny star flash in a laboratory; now we have to turn that flash into a dependable power station.Fusion has crossed scientific breakeven, but an economical power plant still requires a much harder engineering breakeven.

1 of 3 tests recorded1 of 3 thresholds achieved open
✓Get more energy out of the fuel than we shine inScientific ignitionAchieved
Make the whole power station pay back its energyEngineering breakevenOpen test
Make fusion cheap enough for the gridGrid economicsOpen test

The next testBlocking threshold

Make the whole power station pay back its energyEngineering breakeven

SPARC's Q>10 plasma-gain target is an intermediate test; a plant-breakeven demonstration must also account for recirculating power, conversion losses and balance-of-plant loads.SPARC's Q>10 plasma-gain target is an intermediate test; a plant-breakeven demonstration must also account for recirculating power, conversion losses and balance-of-plant loads.

02 · Thresholds & evidenceThresholds & evidence

What would count as proof?What would count as proof?

A clear test, the evidence behind it, and the limits of the claim.A clear test, the evidence behind it, and what it still leaves open.

✓Achieved · Dec 2022

Get more energy out of the fuel than we shine inScientific ignition

The fuel capsule finally gave back more energy than the laser delivered to it.Q_sci > 1 · more fusion energy out than laser energy on target

The 2022 NIF target produced more fusion energy than the laser energy delivered to it; this is target gain, not whole-plant electricity.The 2022 NIF target produced more fusion energy than the laser energy delivered to it; this is target gain, not whole-plant electricity.
Laser energy on target2.05 MJ
+1.05 MJ · gain 1.51
Fusion yield3.1 MJ

Each square = 0.1 MJ

Laser energy on target2.05 MJ
Fusion yield3.1 MJ
1.05 MJ more from fusion yield than from laser energy on target
View data table
All aligned comparisons
ClaimABSource / provenance
The 2022 NIF target produced more fusion energy than the laser energy delivered to it; this is target gain, not whole-plant electricity.2.05 MJ · Laser energy on target3.1 MJ · Fusion yieldAbu-Shawareb et al., PRL 132 (2024)
AS OF July 2026

Recorded result NIF, 3.1 / 2.05 MJ (paper-rounded result; PRL 132, 2024)

SOURCE RECORD

Abu-Shawareb et al., PRL 132 (2024) ↗

Still to demonstrateWhat this does not establishA separate system can still have different conditions and results.The named measurement has no wider implication until the supporting system test is also shown.

View every evidence record

Achieved

Get more energy out of the fuel than we shine inScientific ignition

The fuel capsule finally gave back more energy than the laser delivered to it.Q_sci > 1 · more fusion energy out than laser energy on target

Recorded result: Dec 2022 · NIF, 3.1 / 2.05 MJ (paper-rounded result; PRL 132, 2024)

Abu-Shawareb et al., PRL 132 (2024) ↗

Open test

Make the whole power station pay back its energyEngineering breakeven

The reactor, magnets, cooling and turbines all have to produce more power than they use.Q_eng > 1 · more electricity out than the full plant consumes

Next test: SPARC's Q>10 plasma-gain target is an intermediate test; a plant-breakeven demonstration must also account for recirculating power, conversion losses and balance-of-plant loads.

Open test

Make fusion cheap enough for the gridGrid economics

A working reactor only matters at scale if its electricity can compete with other clean power.LCOE < $60/MWh · competitive delivered electricity

Next test: ARC pilot plant, early 2030s

03 · The recordThe record

The record behind the verdictThe record behind the verdict

Major milestones and smaller context events share one source-linked record. Scheduled targets are marked separately from recorded events.Milestones, smaller events and setbacks share one sourced record. Scheduled targets are marked separately from recorded events.

Event key
TheoryExperimentFundingSetbackPolicyDeployment Future / scheduled
1920-19502 events1 shown

The theory takes shape

Fusion moved from a stellar explanation to a laboratory proposition. The basic reaction was understood before anyone had a machine capable of holding it.

1920
Eddington proposes stellar fusion
Suggests the Sun runs on hydrogen fusing into helium - the principle behind all fusion research.
A. Eddington
1934
Fusion achieved in a labTheory
Oliphant and Rutherford fuse deuterium, confirming the reaction is reproducible on Earth.
Oliphant & Rutherford
1950-19903 events1 shown

The machines are built

The first generation of confinement machines turned equations into experiments. Tokamaks, large facilities, and sustained plasma became the field’s shared engineering language.

1958
The tokamak is bornExperiment
Soviet T-1 begins the magnetic-confinement line that still dominates fusion research.
Kurchatov Institute
1968
T-3 stuns the field
Soviet tokamak reaches ~10 million °C; Western labs pivot en masse to the tokamak.
USSR
1983
JET switches on
Europe's Joint European Torus begins operation - long the largest tokamak in the world.
EUROfusion
1990-20224 events2 shown

Chasing breakeven

Decades of larger machines narrowed the gap to useful gain, but each record exposed another layer between hot plasma and a power station.

1991
First controlled fusion power
JET produces ~1.7 MW of fusion power for the first time in a controlled experiment.
JET
1997
JET record: Q = 0.67Experiment
16 MW of fusion power from 24 MW in - the gain record that stood for 25 years.
JET
2006
ITER agreement signedFunding
Seven parties commit to the largest tokamak ever - a $20B+ bet on burning plasma at scale.
ITER (35 nations)
2021
Private fusion wave
Commonwealth Fusion raises $1.8B; the private fusion sector passes $5B cumulative funding.
CFS · Helion · TAE
2022-20357 events3 shown

From physics to power

NIF crossed scientific breakeven, while high-field magnets opened a smaller reactor path. The frontier is now engineering gain, maintainability, and affordable electricity.

2022
NIF achieves ignitionExperiment
3.1 MJ out from 2.05 MJ (paper-rounded result reported in PRL 132, 2024) of laser energy - scientific breakeven, a 70-year milestone.
LLNL
2023
JET sets 69 MJ world record
In its final deuterium-tritium campaign, JET released a record 69 MJ over a 5.2-second pulse - a total-energy record, not a higher gain - then shut down after 40 years.
EUROfusion / JET
2024
NIF ignites repeatedly, gain ~2.4Experiment
A repeat shot released 5.2 MJ from 2.2 MJ of laser energy - target gain ~2.4, well above the ~1.5 of Dec 2022. Ignition is now reproducible, not a one-off. Still scientific gain, not engineering breakeven.
LLNL / NIF
2025
EAST sustains plasma 1,066 seconds
China's EAST held a steady-state plasma above 100 million °C for ~18 minutes - a confinement-DURATION record, not net energy. Q stayed far below 1; it produced far less power than it drew.
ASIPP / Chinese Academy of Sciences
2025
CFS raises $863M to build SPARC and ARC
Commonwealth Fusion's Series B2 brought its total to ~$3B - roughly a third of all private fusion investment - to finish SPARC and build the ARC grid plant in Virginia.
Commonwealth Fusion Systems
2025
SPARC tokamak assembly underwayWe are here
CFS began assembling SPARC in Devens, MA - cryostat base, both vacuum-vessel halves and the first high-temperature-superconducting magnet installed; facility ~75% complete. First plasma now targeted for 2026-27.
Commonwealth Fusion Systems
2027
SPARC targets Q > 10ExperimentTarget
Commonwealth Fusion's compact high-field tokamak aims to prove net-energy plasma with REBCO magnets.
CFS · scheduled
2035-20351 event0 shown

Additional records

Scheduled target: “ARC - first electricity”.

2035
ARC - first electricityExperimentTarget
A proposed pilot plant intended to put fusion-generated power on the grid for the first time.
CFS · proposed
— end of record · 17 events shown —
04 · The dataThe data

The data behind the verdictThe data behind the verdict

Read each measure with its units, conditions, uncertainty and source; targets remain distinct from observations.Read each chart with its conditions, limits and source. Future targets remain distinct from recorded results.

Open figure in archive: Private capital entering fusion - momentum and belief, not yet capability.Open figure in archive: The public megaproject still dwarfs any single private raise - but the private sector now rivals it in total committed capital.Open figure in archive: The 2022 NIF target produced more fusion energy than the laser energy delivered to it; this is target gain, not whole-plant electricity.
Fusion energy gain (Q)Fusion energy gain (Q)
5205012
NIF · Feb 2024 · observed (target gain)2.4 Q · 2024Boundary · NIF · Feb 2024 · observed (target gain)
  1. 1JET · plasma gain · 0.67 Q · 1997
  2. 2NIF · target gain · 1.54 Q · 2022 · Precise LLNL accounting: 3.15 MJ from 2.05 MJ on target (Q ≈ 1.54); PRL reports the yield rounded to 3.1 MJ.
  1. AScientific breakeven (Q = 1) · 1 QScientific breakeven (Q = 1) · 1 Q
  2. BSPARC target · 10 Q · 2027 · projected · not a record
  3. CCommercial power plant (~Q 30) · 30 QCommercial power plant (~Q 30) · 30 Q

Records are separate measurements; no line joins them. Q records here come from different systems and accounting boundaries (JET plasma gain, NIF target gain and a SPARC target); compare them as separate records, not one progress line. Commercial Q~30 is a plant design reference.

View data table
All independent metric records
DateValueStatusCondition / labelVerificationCICensoringSource
19970.67 QobservedJET · plasma gainunspecified—noneTimeline · JET record: Q = 0.67
20221.54 QobservedNIF · target gain
Precise LLNL accounting: 3.15 MJ from 2.05 MJ on target (Q ≈ 1.54); PRL reports the yield rounded to 3.1 MJ.		unspecified—noneAbu-Shawareb et al., PRL 132 (2024) · LLNL NIF Dec 2022 announcement · 3.15 MJ yield
20242.4 QobservedNIF · Feb 2024 · observed (target gain)
NIF target-chamber gain accounting boundary; measured shot result		unspecified—noneTimeline · NIF ignites repeatedly, gain ~2.4
202710 QtargetSPARC targetunspecified—noneCFS SPARC papers
Metric context · these are authored references, not observed records
ContextValueLabelBasisSource
Goal30 QCommercial power plant (~Q 30)—Timeline · JET record: Q = 0.67 · Abu-Shawareb et al., PRL 132 (2024) · Timeline · NIF ignites repeatedly, gain ~2.4 · CFS SPARC papers
Breakeven1 QScientific breakeven (Q = 1)—Timeline · JET record: Q = 0.67 · Abu-Shawareb et al., PRL 132 (2024) · Timeline · NIF ignites repeatedly, gain ~2.4 · CFS SPARC papers
AS OF July 2026
View every data figure
Fusion energy gain (Q)Fusion energy gain (Q)
5205012
NIF · Feb 2024 · observed (target gain)2.4 Q · 2024Boundary · NIF · Feb 2024 · observed (target gain)
  1. 1JET · plasma gain · 0.67 Q · 1997
  2. 2NIF · target gain · 1.54 Q · 2022 · Precise LLNL accounting: 3.15 MJ from 2.05 MJ on target (Q ≈ 1.54); PRL reports the yield rounded to 3.1 MJ.
  1. AScientific breakeven (Q = 1) · 1 QScientific breakeven (Q = 1) · 1 Q
  2. BSPARC target · 10 Q · 2027 · projected · not a record
  3. CCommercial power plant (~Q 30) · 30 QCommercial power plant (~Q 30) · 30 Q

Records are separate measurements; no line joins them. Q records here come from different systems and accounting boundaries (JET plasma gain, NIF target gain and a SPARC target); compare them as separate records, not one progress line. Commercial Q~30 is a plant design reference.

View data table
All independent metric records
DateValueStatusCondition / labelVerificationCICensoringSource
19970.67 QobservedJET · plasma gainunspecified—noneTimeline · JET record: Q = 0.67
20221.54 QobservedNIF · target gain
Precise LLNL accounting: 3.15 MJ from 2.05 MJ on target (Q ≈ 1.54); PRL reports the yield rounded to 3.1 MJ.		unspecified—noneAbu-Shawareb et al., PRL 132 (2024) · LLNL NIF Dec 2022 announcement · 3.15 MJ yield
20242.4 QobservedNIF · Feb 2024 · observed (target gain)
NIF target-chamber gain accounting boundary; measured shot result		unspecified—noneTimeline · NIF ignites repeatedly, gain ~2.4
202710 QtargetSPARC targetunspecified—noneCFS SPARC papers
Metric context · these are authored references, not observed records
ContextValueLabelBasisSource
Goal30 QCommercial power plant (~Q 30)—Timeline · JET record: Q = 0.67 · Abu-Shawareb et al., PRL 132 (2024) · Timeline · NIF ignites repeatedly, gain ~2.4 · CFS SPARC papers
Breakeven1 QScientific breakeven (Q = 1)—Timeline · JET record: Q = 0.67 · Abu-Shawareb et al., PRL 132 (2024) · Timeline · NIF ignites repeatedly, gain ~2.4 · CFS SPARC papers
AS OF July 2026
Private capital entering fusion - momentum and belief, not yet capability.Private capital entering fusion - momentum and belief, not yet capability.

linear scale · $B by year

Private fusion funding, cumulative · 0.3 $B · Jan 2015 · verification unspecified

Private capital entering fusion - momentum and belief, not yet capability.Private fusion funding, cumulative: 0.3 $B · Jan 2015Private fusion funding, cumulative: 1 $B · Jan 2018Private fusion funding, cumulative: 2.4 $B · Jan 2021Private fusion funding, cumulative: 4.9 $B · Jan 20227.1 $B · Jan 2024Private fusion funding, cumulative: 7.1 $B · Jan 2024Year
Log-scale line joins each new longest record; all observations remain individual dots.

First record

Jan 2015

0.3 $B · Jan 2015

observed · Verification unspecified

Latest record

Jan 2024

7.1 $B · Jan 2024

observed · Verification unspecified

View data table
All plotted observations
SeriesDateValueStatusCondition / labelVerificationCICensoringSource
Private fusion funding, cumulative20150.3 $BobservedPrivate fusion funding, cumulativeunspecified—noneFIA 2025 Global Fusion Industry Report
Private fusion funding, cumulative20181 $BobservedPrivate fusion funding, cumulativeunspecified—noneFIA 2025 Global Fusion Industry Report
Private fusion funding, cumulative20212.4 $BobservedPrivate fusion funding, cumulativeunspecified—noneFIA 2025 Global Fusion Industry Report
Private fusion funding, cumulative20224.9 $BobservedPrivate fusion funding, cumulativeunspecified—noneFIA 2025 Global Fusion Industry Report
Private fusion funding, cumulative20247.1 $BobservedPrivate fusion funding, cumulativeunspecified—noneFIA 2025 Global Fusion Industry Report
AS OF July 2026
The public megaproject still dwarfs any single private raise - but the private sector now rivals it in total committed capital.The public megaproject still dwarfs any single private raise - but the private sector now rivals it in total committed capital.
ITER programme (lifetime, public)22 $B
−14.9 $B · 0.32× of A
Private fusion raised (total)7.1 $B

Each square = 1 $B

ITER programme (lifetime, public)22 $B
Private fusion raised (total)7.1 $B
14.9 $B less from private fusion raised (total) than from iter programme (lifetime, public)
View data table
All aligned comparisons
ClaimABSource / provenance
The public megaproject still dwarfs any single private raise - but the private sector now rivals it in total committed capital.22 $B · ITER programme (lifetime, public)7.1 $B · Private fusion raised (total)FIA 2025 Global Fusion Industry Report
AS OF July 2026
The 2022 NIF target produced more fusion energy than the laser energy delivered to it; this is target gain, not whole-plant electricity.The 2022 NIF target produced more fusion energy than the laser energy delivered to it; this is target gain, not whole-plant electricity.
Laser energy on target2.05 MJ
+1.05 MJ · gain 1.51
Fusion yield3.1 MJ

Each square = 0.1 MJ

Laser energy on target2.05 MJ
Fusion yield3.1 MJ
1.05 MJ more from fusion yield than from laser energy on target
View data table
All aligned comparisons
ClaimABSource / provenance
The 2022 NIF target produced more fusion energy than the laser energy delivered to it; this is target gain, not whole-plant electricity.2.05 MJ · Laser energy on target3.1 MJ · Fusion yieldAbu-Shawareb et al., PRL 132 (2024)
AS OF July 2026
05 · What it unlocksWhat it unlocks

If the remaining tests pass.If the remaining tests pass.

Downstream capabilities remain conditional on results that are not yet in.These are possible next capabilities, conditional on results that are not yet in.

TODAY
  1. PASSED · Dec 202201 ↗
    Get more energy out of the fuel than we shine inScientific ignitionThe fuel capsule finally gave back more energy than the laser delivered to it.Q_sci > 1 · more fusion energy out than laser energy on target
  2. OPEN TEST02 ↗
    Make the whole power station pay back its energyEngineering breakevenThe reactor, magnets, cooling and turbines all have to produce more power than they use.Q_eng > 1 · more electricity out than the full plant consumes
  3. OPEN TEST03 ↗
    Make fusion cheap enough for the gridGrid economicsA working reactor only matters at scale if its electricity can compete with other clean power.LCOE < $60/MWh · competitive delivered electricity
PASSED · Dec 202201 ↗
Get more energy out of the fuel than we shine inScientific ignitionThe fuel capsule finally gave back more energy than the laser delivered to it.Q_sci > 1 · more fusion energy out than laser energy on target
TODAY
OPEN TEST02 ↗
Make the whole power station pay back its energyEngineering breakevenThe reactor, magnets, cooling and turbines all have to produce more power than they use.Q_eng > 1 · more electricity out than the full plant consumes
OPEN TEST03 ↗
Make fusion cheap enough for the gridGrid economicsA working reactor only matters at scale if its electricity can compete with other clean power.LCOE < $60/MWh · competitive delivered electricity

Possible, if the open tests pass.

  1. Low-carbon electricity at scale

    It only helps if a whole plant can make power reliably, safely and cheaply.Requires a plant that demonstrates full-plant net electricity, a qualified fuel cycle, maintainable materials and competitive delivered cost.

  2. More flexible clean power

    Desalination could benefit only where a reliable, affordable plant and the needed infrastructure exist.Depends on reliable, affordable fusion electricity plus suitable local water, grid and construction infrastructure.

  3. Potential climate tools

    Cheap clean power alone does not remove carbon; capture and storage would still have to work.Requires separate carbon-capture, transport and permanent-storage systems in addition to low-carbon energy.

These are possible outcomes, if the open tests pass. They are conditional, not promises.
06 · The players & the moneyThe players & the money

Meet the builders.Meet the builders.

The organisations, their approaches, and the evidence behind them.The teams doing the work, the money around them, and what the record can support.

Commonwealth Fusion Systems official markOfficial mark

USA · company

Commonwealth Fusion Systems

Building the high-field SPARC tokamak and developing the proposed ARC power plant.

Funding contextSeries B2 · $863M · Aug 2025CFS described cumulative funding as nearly $3B; SPARC and ARC had not delivered electricity by the cutoff.
Named investorsBreakthrough Energy Ventures · Google · NVentures · Eni · Temasek · Khosla Ventures

Capital is context, not a demonstration.

Company source ↗
View every builder record

Commonwealth Fusion Systems

USA · company · Building the high-field SPARC tokamak and developing the proposed ARC power plant.

Funding: Series B2 · $863M · Aug 2025

Named investors: Breakthrough Energy Ventures · Google · NVentures · Eni · Temasek · Khosla Ventures

CFS described cumulative funding as nearly $3B; SPARC and ARC had not delivered electricity by the cutoff.

Company source ↗

Helion Energy

USA · company · Developing pulsed field-reversed-configuration machines with direct electrical energy recovery.

Funding: Series F · $425M · Jan 2025

Named investors: Lightspeed Venture Partners · SoftBank Vision Fund 2 · Sam Altman · Nucor

Helion says total invested exceeds $1B; its power-delivery schedule remains a company target.

Company source ↗

TAE Technologies

USA · company · Developing a beam-driven field-reversed configuration, ultimately targeting hydrogen-boron fuel.

Funding: Funding not recorded in this record.

Named investors: Google · Chevron Technology Ventures · Goldman Sachs · Sumitomo Corporation of Americas · NEA

TAE reported more than $1.3B private capital; its announced merger value is not funding raised.

Company source ↗

ITER Organization

International · government · Building a seven-member experimental tokamak to demonstrate burning-plasma feasibility, not commercial electricity.

Funding: Funding not recorded in this record.

Company source ↗

National Ignition Facility

USA · lab · Runs laser-driven inertial-confinement experiments and has repeatedly achieved target-level ignition.

Funding: Funding not recorded in this record.

Target gain excludes the much larger wall-plug energy used by the facility.

Company source ↗
07 · SourcesSources

Follow the evidence.Follow the evidence.

35 sources — every figure on this page traces to one.35 sources — every figure on this page traces to one.

Source · what this page citesScope and limits
  1. 01

    Abu-Shawareb et al., PRL 132 (2024)

    Read source ↗journals.aps.org
    Used on this page
    All 10 uses across 8 destinations

    Scope: Primary publication named by Abu-Shawareb et al., PRL 132 (2024). Limit: The publication's measured scope does not establish downstream engineering or deployment claims.

  2. 02

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  3. 03

    Scope: The association's 2025 industry survey and reported investment totals. Limit: Industry-reported investment is not a measure of technical performance or delivered electricity.

  4. 04

    LLNL NIF Dec 2022 announcement · 3.15 MJ yield

    Read source ↗lasers.llnl.gov
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Primary LLNL announcement for the precise December 2022 NIF target yield and laser-on-target accounting. Limit: Reports target-level fusion gain; it does not establish whole-plant electricity or commercial operation.

  5. 05

    Timeline · Eddington proposes stellar fusion

    Read source ↗en.wikipedia.org
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  6. 06

    Timeline · Fusion achieved in a lab

    Read source ↗en.wikipedia.org
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  7. 07

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  8. 08

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  9. 09

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  10. 10

    Timeline · ITER agreement signed

    Read source ↗en.wikipedia.org
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  11. 11

    Timeline · JET sets 69 MJ world record

    Read source ↗euro-fusion.org
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  12. 12

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  13. 13

    Timeline · EAST sustains plasma 1,066 seconds

    Read source ↗english.cas.cn
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  14. 14

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  15. 15

    Timeline · SPARC tokamak assembly underway

    Read source ↗world-nuclear-news.org
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  16. 16

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  17. 17

    companies · Helion Energy

    Read source ↗helionenergy.com
    Used on this page
    All 3 uses across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  18. 18

    companies · TAE Technologies

    Read source ↗tae.com
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  19. 19

    companies · ITER Organization

    Read source ↗iter.org
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  20. 20

    companies · National Ignition Facility

    Read source ↗lasers.llnl.gov
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  21. 21

    people · Bob Mumgaard

    Read source ↗cfs.energy
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  22. 22

    people · David Kirtley

    Read source ↗helionenergy.com
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  23. 23

    people · Michl Binderbauer

    Read source ↗tae.com
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  24. 24

    people · Vincent Tang

    Read source ↗lasers.llnl.gov
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  25. 25

    market · ~$9.7B cumulative private fusion investment

    Read source ↗fusionindustryassociation.org
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  26. 26

    market · $135M ARPA-E fusion commitment

    Read source ↗arpa-e.energy.gov
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  27. 27

    geography · USA

    Read source ↗energy.gov
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  28. 28

    geography · United Kingdom

    Read source ↗gov.uk
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  29. 29

    geography · China

    Read source ↗iter.org
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  30. 30

    Commonwealth Fusion Systems official site

    Read source ↗cfs.energy

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  31. 31

    Helion official site

    Read source ↗helionenergy.com

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  32. 32

    TAE Technologies official site

    Read source ↗tae.com

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  33. 33

    TAE Technologies logo review

    Read source ↗tae.com

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  34. 34

    ITER Organization official site

    Read source ↗iter.org

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  35. 35

    National Ignition Facility official site

    Read source ↗lasers.llnl.gov

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

Sources describe evidence. Inclusion is not endorsement.