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LONGEVITY

The problemsBiology & HealthHealthy Longevity

Updated · July 2026

How close are we to extending healthy human lifespan?Can we stay healthy for much longer?

Can we stay healthy for much longer?How close are we to extending healthy human lifespan?

Multiple interventions now reproducibly slow aging in mice, but no treatment has yet shown a large, durable extension of healthy lifespan in humans.We can slow parts of aging in animals; proving that people gain many healthy years will take long, careful trials that are only just starting.

Current stageLab demoDemonstrated in the laboratoryShown to work in a lab
Read the evidence Where we stand
The path so far

Recorded milestones

  1. Rapamycin extends mouse lifespan

  2. First partial reprogramming in a human

Open tests · conceptual branches

TODAY
  1. OPEN TEST02 ↗
    Measure aging before decades passValidated aging biomarkersA clock has to prove it forecasts real future health, so trials do not have to wait a lifetime for an answer.Aging clocks qualified as surrogate endpoints that predict disease and mortality, not just a younger-looking score
  2. OPEN TEST03 ↗
    Keep people healthier for longerHuman healthspan efficacyThe goal is extra capable years, shown across more than one disease and against a placebo.Randomized evidence that an intervention delays multiple age-related diseases in people
  3. OPEN TEST04 ↗
    Repair old tissue safelySafe human rejuvenationResetting cells must not erase their identity or raise cancer risk; the first human tests are just beginning.Repeatedly restore tissue function in people without excess cancer or immune risk
TODAY
OPEN TEST02 ↗
Measure aging before decades passValidated aging biomarkersA clock has to prove it forecasts real future health, so trials do not have to wait a lifetime for an answer.Aging clocks qualified as surrogate endpoints that predict disease and mortality, not just a younger-looking score
OPEN TEST03 ↗
Keep people healthier for longerHuman healthspan efficacyThe goal is extra capable years, shown across more than one disease and against a placebo.Randomized evidence that an intervention delays multiple age-related diseases in people
OPEN TEST04 ↗
Repair old tissue safelySafe human rejuvenationResetting cells must not erase their identity or raise cancer risk; the first human tests are just beginning.Repeatedly restore tissue function in people without excess cancer or immune risk
Milestones are in recorded order. Open tests are separate questions, not a forecast.Milestones are in date order. Open tests are separate tests, not a promise.
Healthy LongevityWhere we stand

The path shows First partial reprogramming in a human. Open thresholds are separate tests in a conceptual map, not a forecast. No single percentage represents progress.

01 · Where we standWhere we stand

Where we standWhere we stand

The current stage, the evidence recorded, and the single threshold that gates the next stage.The stage reached, the evidence recorded, and the one test still blocking the next step.

What the evidence has shownWhat the evidence has shown

We can slow parts of aging in animals; proving that people gain many healthy years will take long, careful trials that are only just starting.Multiple interventions now reproducibly slow aging in mice, but no treatment has yet shown a large, durable extension of healthy lifespan in humans.

1 of 4 tests recorded1 of 4 thresholds achieved open
✓Add healthy time to an animal's lifeSlow aging in mammalsAchieved
Measure aging before decades passValidated aging biomarkersOpen test
Keep people healthier for longerHuman healthspan efficacyOpen test
Repair old tissue safelySafe human rejuvenationOpen test

The next testBlocking threshold

Measure aging before decades passValidated aging biomarkers

Regulatory qualification of DunedinPACE-class clocks as surrogate endpoints in interventional trialsRegulatory qualification of DunedinPACE-class clocks as surrogate endpoints in interventional trials

02 · Thresholds & evidenceThresholds & evidence

What would count as proof?What would count as proof?

A clear test, the evidence behind it, and the limits of the claim.A clear test, the evidence behind it, and what it still leaves open.

✓Achieved · 2009

Add healthy time to an animal's lifeSlow aging in mammals

In mice this is now routine: several different treatments make them live longer and stay healthier.Reproducibly extend healthy lifespan in mice across independent labs and interventions

Recorded result NIA Interventions Testing Program: rapamycin extends mouse lifespan, later replicated many times

SOURCE RECORD

Timeline · Rapamycin extends mouse lifespan (ITP) ↗

Still to demonstrateWhat this does not establishA separate system can still have different conditions and results.The named measurement has no wider implication until the supporting system test is also shown.

View every evidence record

Achieved

Add healthy time to an animal's lifeSlow aging in mammals

In mice this is now routine: several different treatments make them live longer and stay healthier.Reproducibly extend healthy lifespan in mice across independent labs and interventions

Recorded result: 2009 · NIA Interventions Testing Program: rapamycin extends mouse lifespan, later replicated many times

Timeline · Rapamycin extends mouse lifespan (ITP) ↗

Open test

Measure aging before decades passValidated aging biomarkers

A clock has to prove it forecasts real future health, so trials do not have to wait a lifetime for an answer.Aging clocks qualified as surrogate endpoints that predict disease and mortality, not just a younger-looking score

Next test: Regulatory qualification of DunedinPACE-class clocks as surrogate endpoints in interventional trials

Open test

Keep people healthier for longerHuman healthspan efficacy

The goal is extra capable years, shown across more than one disease and against a placebo.Randomized evidence that an intervention delays multiple age-related diseases in people

Next test: VITAL-H Phase 3 (726 adults, 3 repurposed drugs) and larger geroscience trials with clinical outcomes

Open test

Repair old tissue safelySafe human rejuvenation

Resetting cells must not erase their identity or raise cancer risk; the first human tests are just beginning.Repeatedly restore tissue function in people without excess cancer or immune risk

Next test: Life Biosciences ER-100 Phase 1 safety and visual-function readout in optic neuropathy

03 · The recordThe record

The record behind the verdictThe record behind the verdict

Major milestones and smaller context events share one source-linked record. Scheduled targets are marked separately from recorded events.Milestones, smaller events and setbacks share one sourced record. Scheduled targets are marked separately from recorded events.

Event key
TheoryExperimentFundingSetbackPolicyDeployment Future / scheduled
1935-19921 event0 shown

Dietary and genetic foundations

Recorded event: “Calorie restriction extends rat lifespan”.

1935
Calorie restriction extends rat lifespan
Clive McCay showed that restricting rats' food intake (without malnutrition) raised maximal lifespan by roughly a third, the founding result of aging-intervention research.
Clive McCay, Cornell
1993-20156 events2 shown

Pathways and drugs

This record spans “A single-gene mutation doubles worm lifespan” to “Telomerase gene therapy extends mouse lifespan”.

1993
A single-gene mutation doubles worm lifespanExperiment
Cynthia Kenyon reported that a daf-2 mutation more than doubled the lifespan of the worm C. elegans, proving in worms that aging is genetically regulated.
Cynthia Kenyon, UCSF
2002
NIA Interventions Testing Program founded
The National Institute on Aging launched a rigorous multi-site program to test whether candidate drugs extend lifespan in genetically diverse mice using standardized, replicated protocols.
National Institute on Aging
2006
Resveratrol touted as a longevity molecule
A lab reported resveratrol improved survival of mice on a high-calorie diet, igniting the sirtuin/resveratrol wave and a $720M biotech acquisition (in mice).
Sinclair et al., Harvard
2009
Rapamycin extends mouse lifespan (ITP)Experiment
The NIA ITP showed the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin extended lifespan of genetically heterogeneous mice even when started in old age - the first drug to do so in a rigorous replicated test (in mice).
NIA ITP (Harrison et al.)
2011
Resveratrol fails to extend lifespan in rigorous test
The same ITP that validated rapamycin found resveratrol did not extend mouse lifespan; the mechanism was disputed and GSK later shut the Sirtris program - a cautionary tale of overpromising.
NIA ITP (Miller et al.)
2012
Telomerase gene therapy extends mouse lifespan
An AAV vector delivering the TERT telomerase gene to adult and old mice increased median lifespan by up to 24% without raising cancer rates (in mice).
Maria Blasco, CNIO
2016-20213 events1 shown

Cellular rejuvenation

This record spans “Partial reprogramming rejuvenates cells in living mice” to “First-in-human senolytic trial”.

2016
Partial reprogramming rejuvenates cells in living mice
Cyclic, short-term expression of Yamanaka factors reversed hallmarks of aging and extended lifespan in progeroid mice, founding the cellular-rejuvenation field (in mice).
Belmonte, Salk Institute
2018
Senolytics extend mouse healthspan
The dasatinib-plus-quercetin senolytic combination selectively cleared senescent cells, improved physical function, and extended lifespan in naturally aged mice (in mice).
Kirkland et al., Mayo Clinic
2019
First-in-human senolytic trialExperiment
A first-in-human open-label pilot gave dasatinib and quercetin to 14 patients with pulmonary fibrosis, showing feasibility and improved mobility (small early-stage human trial, no control group).
Mayo Clinic / UT Health
2022-203012 events3 shown

Human translation

This record spans “Reprogramming companies launch on billionaire funding” to “ER-100 Phase 1 safety readout” and includes scheduled targets.

2022
Reprogramming companies launch on billionaire funding
Altos Labs debuted with roughly $3B, alongside Retro Biosciences and Life Biosciences, industrializing cellular reprogramming and senescence research toward human therapies.
Altos, Retro, Life Biosciences
2023
Calorie restriction slows a validated aging clock in humansExperiment
The randomized CALERIE trial found 2 years of 25% calorie restriction slowed DunedinPACE, a DNA-methylation pace-of-aging measure, by 2-3% in healthy adults - an early human signal.
Belsky et al., Columbia/Duke
2023
Taurine extends mouse lifespan
Daily taurine begun at 14 months increased median lifespan by 10-12% in C57BL/6J mice; the study did not demonstrate longer human life, and its monkey arm measured health markers only.
Singh, Yadav and an international consortium
2023
Two drugs pass the NIA mouse test in males
Astaxanthin and meclizine increased male UM-HET3 median lifespan by 12% and 8%, respectively, but not female lifespan or the 90th-percentile endpoint.
NIA Interventions Testing Program
2024
Randomized senolytic trial misses primary endpoint
In 60 postmenopausal women, intermittent dasatinib plus quercetin did not significantly reduce the bone-resorption marker CTx at 20 weeks; subgroup signals were exploratory.
Mayo Clinic investigators
2024
IL-11 blockade extends late-life mouse survival
Anti-IL-11 begun at 75 weeks increased median lifespan by 22.5% in male and 25% in female mice while improving frailty and metabolism; human ageing efficacy is untested.
Duke-NUS, MRC London and collaborators
2025
PEARL rapamycin trial misses primary endpoint
The 48-week, 114-participant placebo-controlled trial found similar serious-adverse-event rates but no effect on its primary visceral-fat endpoint; reported sex-specific findings were secondary.
PEARL investigators and AgelessRx collaborators
2025
Longitudinal data challenge taurine biomarker claim
Across humans, rhesus monkeys and mice, circulating taurine generally rose or stayed stable with age and related inconsistently to health, challenging the biomarker premise rather than the earlier mouse intervention.
US National Institutes of Health and National Institute on Aging
2025
Three more ITP drugs extend male mouse lifespan
Epicatechin increased male median lifespan by about 5%, while halofuginone and mitoglitazone each added about 9%; none extended female lifespan.
NIA Interventions Testing Program
2026
VITAL-H healthspan trial receives funding
ARPA-H awarded up to $38 million for a planned 726-person Phase 3 trial of rapamycin, an SGLT2 inhibitor and semaglutide versus placebo; enrollment is planned for 2027 and no efficacy data exist.
ARPA-H and UT Health San Antonio
2026
First partial reprogramming dosed in a human (ER-100)DeploymentWe are here
Life Biosciences dosed the first patient in a Phase 1 trial of ER-100, an OSK partial-reprogramming therapy injected into the eye - the first reprogramming therapy to reach humans.
Life Biosciences
2027
ER-100 Phase 1 safety readoutExperimentTarget
The first human safety and tolerability data for partial epigenetic reprogramming are expected - a pivotal test of whether the mouse rejuvenation results translate to people.
Life Biosciences
2030-20301 event0 shown

Additional records

Scheduled target: “Target: a Phase 3 healthspan endpoint (TAME)”.

2030
Target: a Phase 3 healthspan endpoint (TAME)ExperimentTarget
The proposed TAME trial would test whether metformin delays a composite of age-related diseases in 3,000 older adults, seeking the first regulatory proof that a drug can target aging.
Barzilai / AFAR
— end of record · 23 events shown —
04 · The dataThe data

The data behind the verdictThe data behind the verdict

Read each measure with its units, conditions, uncertainty and source; targets remain distinct from observations.Read each chart with its conditions, limits and source. Future targets remain distinct from recorded results.

Largest reproducible extension of mouse median lifespan by a defined drug (NIA ITP)Largest reproducible extension of mouse median lifespan by a defined drug (NIA ITP)
0103040123
Rapamycin 42 ppm, +23% male / +26% female - largest reproducible ITP result26 % increase in median lifespan · 2014 · 7 moBoundary · Rapamycin 42 ppm, +23% male / +26% female - largest reproducible ITP result
  1. 1Rapamycin (from 600 days), +9% male / +13% female - first ITP pharmacological hit · 13 % increase in median lifespan · 2009
  2. 217-α-estradiol, +19% median lifespan (males), UM-HET3 mice · 19 % increase in median lifespan · 2014
  3. 3Acarbose, +22% male median lifespan (only +5% female) · 22 % increase in median lifespan · 2014 · 4 mo
  1. A~+50% - match the best historical caloric-restriction results · 50 % increase in median lifespan~+50% - match the best historical caloric-restriction results · 50 % increase in median lifespan

Records are separate measurements; no line joins them. All results are in mice and NONE are validated in humans; the effects are also strongly sex-dependent.

View data table
All independent metric records
DateValueStatusCondition / labelVerificationCICensoringSource
200913 % increase in median lifespanobservedRapamycin (from 600 days), +9% male / +13% female - first ITP pharmacological hitunspecified—noneTimeline · Rapamycin extends mouse lifespan (ITP)
201419 % increase in median lifespanobserved17-α-estradiol, +19% median lifespan (males), UM-HET3 miceunspecified—noneMetric · 17-α-estradiol, +19% median lifespan (males), UM-HET3 mice
2014.322 % increase in median lifespanobservedAcarbose, +22% male median lifespan (only +5% female)unspecified—noneMetric · 17-α-estradiol, +19% median lifespan (males), UM-HET3 mice
2014.626 % increase in median lifespanobservedRapamycin 42 ppm, +23% male / +26% female - largest reproducible ITP resultunspecified—noneMetric · Rapamycin 42 ppm, +23% male / +26% female - largest reproducible ITP result
Metric context · these are authored references, not observed records
ContextValueLabelBasisSource
Goal50 % increase in median lifespan~+50% - match the best historical caloric-restriction results—Timeline · Rapamycin extends mouse lifespan (ITP) · Metric · 17-α-estradiol, +19% median lifespan (males), UM-HET3 mice · Metric · Rapamycin 42 ppm, +23% male / +26% female - largest reproducible ITP result
AS OF July 2026

Methods & conditions

Under the measurement.

The boundary of a measurement changes what it means.

Technical note 1 of 6

Anti-IL-11 remains a mouse result

Method and conditions

Anti-IL-11 raised pooled median survival from 120.9 to 155.6 weeks; gross tumours were found in 3/19 treated versus 22/36 control mice. It remains one laboratory programme in mice, not an independently replicated ITP result or human treatment.

Source notes
Nature

Technical notes and sources

Each note keeps its authored method, conditions and citations available for review.

Anti-IL-11 remains a mouse result

Anti-IL-11 raised pooled median survival from 120.9 to 155.6 weeks; gross tumours were found in 3/19 treated versus 22/36 control mice. It remains one laboratory programme in mice, not an independently replicated ITP result or human treatment.

Nature
PEARL's primary endpoint was null

PEARL's primary visceral-adiposity result was unequivocally null (partial η² = 0.001, p = 0.942). The reported female lean-mass effect at 10 mg/week (partial η² = 0.202, p = 0.013) was a secondary, sex-stratified result and is not evidence of slower aging or longer life.

Aging
The senolytic subgroup was exploratory

In the senolytic randomized trial, overall CTx changes were −4.1% with dasatinib plus quercetin versus −7.7% in controls (p = 0.611). The high-p16 subgroup's bone findings were exploratory and should be treated as a hypothesis for stratified trials.

Nature Medicine
New mouse hits are male-specific

ITP's newer hits reinforce severe sex dependence: astaxanthin, meclizine, epicatechin, halofuginone and mitoglitazone benefited only males; astaxanthin and meclizine also failed the statistical test for 90th-percentile survival.

2024 GeroScience study 2025 GeroScience study
Aging clocks are not validated surrogates

Aging-clock responsiveness is not surrogate validation. A standardized evaluation of 39 biomarkers in more than 20,000 people found chronological-age accuracy poorly correlated with mortality prediction (R = 0.12, p = 0.67); no clock has thereby proved that an intervention-induced score change predicts clinical benefit.

Nature Aging
VITAL-H is an announced test

VITAL-H's intrinsic-capacity strategy targets multidomain physical and mental function rather than lifespan. The trial is funded and designed, but the institution says enrollment starts in 2027, so it is an announced test-not achieved evidence.

UT Health San Antonio
05 · What it unlocksWhat it unlocks

If the remaining tests pass.If the remaining tests pass.

Downstream capabilities remain conditional on results that are not yet in.These are possible next capabilities, conditional on results that are not yet in.

TODAY
  1. PASSED · 200901 ↗
    Add healthy time to an animal's lifeSlow aging in mammalsIn mice this is now routine: several different treatments make them live longer and stay healthier.Reproducibly extend healthy lifespan in mice across independent labs and interventions
  2. OPEN TEST02 ↗
    Measure aging before decades passValidated aging biomarkersA clock has to prove it forecasts real future health, so trials do not have to wait a lifetime for an answer.Aging clocks qualified as surrogate endpoints that predict disease and mortality, not just a younger-looking score
  3. OPEN TEST03 ↗
    Keep people healthier for longerHuman healthspan efficacyThe goal is extra capable years, shown across more than one disease and against a placebo.Randomized evidence that an intervention delays multiple age-related diseases in people
  4. OPEN TEST04 ↗
    Repair old tissue safelySafe human rejuvenationResetting cells must not erase their identity or raise cancer risk; the first human tests are just beginning.Repeatedly restore tissue function in people without excess cancer or immune risk
PASSED · 200901 ↗
Add healthy time to an animal's lifeSlow aging in mammalsIn mice this is now routine: several different treatments make them live longer and stay healthier.Reproducibly extend healthy lifespan in mice across independent labs and interventions
TODAY
OPEN TEST02 ↗
Measure aging before decades passValidated aging biomarkersA clock has to prove it forecasts real future health, so trials do not have to wait a lifetime for an answer.Aging clocks qualified as surrogate endpoints that predict disease and mortality, not just a younger-looking score
OPEN TEST03 ↗
Keep people healthier for longerHuman healthspan efficacyThe goal is extra capable years, shown across more than one disease and against a placebo.Randomized evidence that an intervention delays multiple age-related diseases in people
OPEN TEST04 ↗
Repair old tissue safelySafe human rejuvenationResetting cells must not erase their identity or raise cancer risk; the first human tests are just beginning.Repeatedly restore tissue function in people without excess cancer or immune risk

Possible, if the open tests pass.

  1. Compressed morbidity

    This is a possible benefit only if compressed morbidity works safely, reliably and at useful scale.Potential benefit only if the stated use (Compressed morbidity) is demonstrated with evidence for safety, reliability, affordability and scale.

  2. Diseases of aging delayed together

    This is a possible benefit only if diseases of aging delayed together works safely, reliably and at useful scale.Potential benefit only if the stated use (Diseases of aging delayed together) is demonstrated with evidence for safety, reliability, affordability and scale.

  3. Lower care burden

    This is a possible benefit only if lower care burden works safely, reliably and at useful scale.Potential benefit only if the stated use (Lower care burden) is demonstrated with evidence for safety, reliability, affordability and scale.

These are possible outcomes, if the open tests pass. They are conditional, not promises.
06 · The players & the moneyThe players & the money

Meet the builders.Meet the builders.

The organisations, their approaches, and the evidence behind them.The teams doing the work, the money around them, and what the record can support.

USA / UK · company

Altos Labs

Cellular rejuvenation programming across Bay Area, San Diego and Cambridge research institutes

Funding context$3B fully committed at launch · Jan 2022The launch release did not name the backers.
Named investorsInvestors not recorded in this record.

Capital is context, not a demonstration.

Company source ↗
View every builder record

Altos Labs

USA / UK · company · Cellular rejuvenation programming across Bay Area, San Diego and Cambridge research institutes

Funding: $3B fully committed at launch · Jan 2022

The launch release did not name the backers.

Company source ↗

NewLimit

USA · company · Epigenetic-reprogramming medicines aimed at restoring youthful cell function

Funding: Series B · $130M · May 2025

Named investors: Kleiner Perkins · NFDG · Khosla Ventures · Human Capital · Valor Equity Partners

Company source ↗

Retro Biosciences

USA · company · Cellular reprogramming, autophagy and plasma-inspired programs

Funding: Initial close; amount undisclosed · Jun 2026

Named investors: 4P Capital

$1.8B was the disclosed pre-money valuation, not capital raised.

Company source ↗

Calico

USA · company · Basic aging biology plus drug discovery and development for age-related disease

Funding: Funding not recorded in this record.

Company source ↗

Buck Institute for Research on Aging

USA · nonprofit · Independent institute spanning cellular aging, metabolism, immune aging and disease

Funding: Funding not recorded in this record.

Company source ↗

Hevolution Foundation

Saudi Arabia · nonprofit · Grants and early-stage investment in healthspan science

Funding: Funding not recorded in this record.

Company source ↗

National Institute on Aging

USA · government · US federal funder of aging and older-adult health research

Funding: Funding not recorded in this record.

FY2026 enacted budget: $4.528939B; it covers aging research broadly.

Company source ↗
07 · SourcesSources

Follow the evidence.Follow the evidence.

52 sources — every figure on this page traces to one.52 sources — every figure on this page traces to one.

Source · what this page citesScope and limits
  1. 01

    Lopez-Otin et al., Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe, Cell (2023)

    Read source ↗sciencedirect.com
    Used on this page
    All 3 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  2. 02

    Waziry et al., CALERIE caloric restriction slows DunedinPACE, Nature Aging (2023)

    Read source ↗pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  3. 03

    PEARL Trial: low-dose rapamycin healthspan metrics after one year, Aging (2025)

    Read source ↗aging-us.com

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  4. 04

    Life Biosciences: first patient dosed in ER-100 Phase 1 (partial reprogramming), June 2026

    Read source ↗lifebiosciences.com
    Used on this page
    All 3 uses across 3 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  5. 05

    Dasatinib plus quercetin reduces senescent cells in humans, eBioMedicine (Jan 2026)

    Read source ↗thelancet.com

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  6. 06

    Timeline · Calorie restriction extends rat lifespan

    Read source ↗pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  7. 07

    Timeline · A single-gene mutation doubles worm lifespan

    Read source ↗nature.com
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  8. 08

    Timeline · NIA Interventions Testing Program founded

    Read source ↗pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  9. 09

    Timeline · Resveratrol touted as a longevity molecule

    Read source ↗nature.com
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  10. 10

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  11. 11

    Timeline · Resveratrol fails to extend lifespan in rigorous test

    Read source ↗pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  12. 12

    Timeline · Telomerase gene therapy extends mouse lifespan

    Read source ↗embopress.org
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  13. 13

    Timeline · Partial reprogramming rejuvenates cells in living mice

    Read source ↗cell.com
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  14. 14

    Timeline · Senolytics extend mouse healthspan

    Read source ↗nature.com
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  15. 15

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  16. 16

    Timeline · Reprogramming companies launch on billionaire funding

    Read source ↗scientificamerican.com
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  17. 17

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  18. 18

    Timeline · Taurine extends mouse lifespan

    Read source ↗doi.org
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  19. 19

    Timeline · Two drugs pass the NIA mouse test in males

    Read source ↗pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  20. 20

    Timeline · Randomized senolytic trial misses primary endpoint

    Read source ↗pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  21. 21

    Timeline · IL-11 blockade extends late-life mouse survival

    Read source ↗nature.com
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  22. 22

    Timeline · PEARL rapamycin trial misses primary endpoint

    Read source ↗pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  23. 23

    Timeline · Longitudinal data challenge taurine biomarker claim

    Read source ↗nih.gov
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  24. 24

    Timeline · Three more ITP drugs extend male mouse lifespan

    Read source ↗link.springer.com
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  25. 25

    Timeline · VITAL-H healthspan trial receives funding

    Read source ↗arpa-h.gov
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  26. 26

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  27. 27

    Timeline · Target: a Phase 3 healthspan endpoint (TAME)

    Read source ↗afar.org
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  28. 28

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  29. 29

    Metric · Rapamycin 42 ppm, +23% male / +26% female - largest reproducible ITP result

    Read source ↗pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  30. 30

    Engineer note · New mouse hits are male-specific

    Read source ↗pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  31. 31

    Engineer note · Aging clocks are not validated surrogates

    Read source ↗nature.com

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  32. 32

    Engineer note · VITAL-H is an announced test

    Read source ↗news.uthscsa.edu

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  33. 33

    companies · Altos Labs

    Read source ↗prnewswire.com
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  34. 34

    companies · NewLimit

    Read source ↗blog.newlimit.com
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  35. 35

    companies · Retro Biosciences

    Read source ↗retro.bio
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  36. 36

    companies · Calico

    Read source ↗calicolabs.com
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  37. 37

    companies · Buck Institute for Research on Aging

    Read source ↗buckinstitute.org
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  38. 38

    companies · Hevolution Foundation

    Read source ↗hevolution.com
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  39. 39

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  40. 40

    people · Cynthia Kenyon

    Read source ↗calicolabs.com
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  41. 41

    people · Eric Verdin

    Read source ↗buckinstitute.org
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  42. 42

    people · Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte

    Read source ↗altoslabs.com
    Used on this page
    All 2 uses across 2 destinations

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  43. 43

    market · 2.1B people aged 60+ by 2050

    Read source ↗who.int
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  44. 44

    market · 4.7-6.0 year health gap at age 60

    Read source ↗cdn.who.int
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  45. 45

    geography · Singapore

    Read source ↗nmrc.gov.sg
    Used on this page
    All 1 use across 1 destination

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  46. 46

    Altos Labs official site

    Read source ↗altoslabs.com

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  47. 47

    NewLimit official site

    Read source ↗newlimit.com

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  48. 48

    Retro Biosciences official site

    Read source ↗retro.bio

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  49. 49

    Calico official site

    Read source ↗calicolabs.com

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  50. 50

    Buck Institute for Research on Aging official site

    Read source ↗buckinstitute.org

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  51. 51

    Hevolution Foundation official site

    Read source ↗hevolution.com

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

  52. 52

    National Institute on Aging official site

    Read source ↗nia.nih.gov

    Scope: Not recorded. Limit: Not recorded.

Sources describe evidence. Inclusion is not endorsement.